Aristotle’s categories for basic appeals in arguments:
Emotional appeals (also known as pathos) play to the reader’s feelings and values.
Example: In an argument for health care reform, the writer presents a story about one family suffering under the current system that evokes the reader’s sympathy and sense of fairness.
Ethical appeals (also known as ethos) seek to establish the credibility of the writer as trustworthy.
Example: The writer cites a source that the reader trusts; the writer gives the reader a sense that complete facts are being presented and/or all sides of an issue are being treated fairly.
Logical appeals (also known as logos) use reasoning and logic to make their points.
Example: The writer makes strong logical connections between steps of her argument, such as clearly explaining how a cause produces a particular effect. The writer supports her claim with convincing factual evidence.
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